数据交易如何更规范高效（经济时评）******
数据交易场所为解决交易过程中的效率、合规、安全、信任等问题提供了重要平台。统筹构建规范高效的数据交易场所，将进一步促进数据合规高效流通使用，赋能实体经济，助力全体人民共享数字经济发展红利。
上海数据交易所日前正式运营，2022年试运行期间，其交易额超过1亿元，2023年有望突破10亿元。
2021年以来，国家相关政策、法律法规等密集出台，各地积极探索，截至2022年8月，已有40多家数据交易场所成立。数据交易场所建设如火如荼，为解决交易过程中的效率、合规、安全、信任等问题提供了重要平台，但也面临数据产权不清、新技术支撑不充分、出现同质化竞争苗头等情况，对此还需各个击破。
确权是基础。从实践来看，公共数据和个人数据的权属问题相对清晰，企业数据方面则较为复杂。当前，一些数据交易场所已逐步形成数据登记等确权模式，迈开了破解“确权难”的第一步。从长远来看，根据数据来源和数据生成特征，国家层面的公共数据、企业数据、个人数据分类分级确权授权制度亟待建立，通过分别界定数据生产、流通、使用过程中各参与方享有的合法权利，为激活数据要素价值创造和价值实现提供基础性制度保障。
技术是支撑。数据需要流通才会产生价值，但由于数据具有可复制性等特点，在交易中容易发生所有权交接不清楚、隐私泄露等问题，反而阻碍了流通。破解两难，技术支撑必不可少。在清洗加工等环节，针对交易数据尤其是高敏感度和高价值数据，可通过隐私计算来进行分析、建模。在数据调用等环节，区块链技术有利于实现全链条监管，上海数据交易所已经采用联盟链将与交易有关的信息存储在区块链节点中，提高了交易的安全可信度。在对数据泄露的溯源和追责方面，数据水印技术可将标识信息隐藏在结构化数据中，对溯源取证提供了有力支持。下一步，还需加大这些技术的研发创新、标准完善和应用推广，为数据流通插上安全的翅膀。
布局需优化。目前，华东、华南、华中地区的数据交易场所占比达70%，有的单一省份已设立了5家。为了避免区域分割和同质化竞争，主管部门需加强数据交易场所体系设计，统筹优化规划布局，引导多种类型的数据交易场所共同发展，构建多层次市场交易体系，推动区域性、行业性数据流通使用。数据交易场所自身也有必要找准优势，错位发展，提高数据要素供给数量和质量，延展出市场所需的数据产品和服务。
2022年12月发布的《中共中央国务院关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》提出，“统筹构建规范高效的数据交易场所”。随着参与交易的数据类别逐步扩大，数据交易产业链生态雏形初现，统筹构建规范高效的数据交易场所，将进一步促进数据合规高效流通使用，赋能实体经济，助力全体人民共享数字经济发展红利。（林 琳）
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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